Immortal heritage

Pompeii archaeological park

Pompeii archaeological park The ancient city The Story The discovery of Pompeii Entrances Visiting hours Buy tickets Info and Contacts How to reach us

Pompeii, with its 66 hectares of which approximately 50 are excavated (including suburban areas), is a unique set of civil and private buildings, monuments, sculptures, paintings and mosaics of such relevance for the history of archeology and antiquity to be recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The ash and lapilli that buried the city following the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, narrated in the two famous epistles of Pliny the Younger but also remembered by historians of the time, have in fact allowed for exceptional conservation, allowing for a vivid image of the organization of Roman cities, as well as of the daily life of its inhabitants.

The ancient city

The ancient city stands on a plateau overlooking the Sarno river valley, at the mouth of which there was an active port. Today, visitors can enter by accessing one of the ancient gates, which were located along the walls (entrance of Porta Marina), walking along its ancient paved streets along which it is possible to visit modest and rich homes, with their own decorative apparatus both on the walls and floors, shops, the Forum with its public spaces and buildings, the sacred areas, the thermal complexes and the buildings for shows in the theater district and in the amphitheater. Furthermore, walking along the access roads to the ancient city it is possible to observe, in the four necropolises located at the exit of the city gates, monumental tombs of various types, while outside the excavation area it is possible to visit some of the extra-urban residences that arose throughout the Pompeian countryside, first of all the so-called Villa of the Mysteries.

The division of the city, indicated along the route into regiones (districts) and insulae (blocks), was made by Giuseppe Fiorelli in 1858, for study and orientation purposes. The names of the houses, when the owner is not known, were coined by the excavators based on particular findings or other circumstances. The information on the origins of the settlement, probably Etruscan, is uncertain, and only thanks to archaeological investigations has it been possible to identify the oldest evidence, which dates back to between the end of the 7th and the first half of the 6th century BC, when the first city wall was built in local grey tuff, called 'pappamonte', to delimit an area of ??63.5 hectares. The construction of a new fortification in Sarno limestone dates back to the 5th century BC, which was to follow a similar path to the previous one; but only in the Samnite era did Pompeii receive a strong push towards urbanization.

The Story

Towards the end of the 4th century BC, following new pressure from the Samnite populations towards the coast, Rome progressively expanded into southern Italy: systems of alliances and victorious military campaigns will finally make it hegemonic throughout Campania (343-290 BC.). Starting from the end of the Hannibalic War, with a phenomenon that manifested itself especially in the second half of the 2nd century BC. , there is the systematic occupation of entire neighborhoods and the restructuring of areas already occupied in the city. Pompeii therefore entered as a partner (ally) in the political organization of the Roman res publica, which however in 90-89 BC. he rebelled together with other Italic populations, who demanded equal socio-political dignity against Rome. Taken under siege by the troops of Publius Cornelius Sulla, the city capitulated and became a Roman colony with the name of Cornelia Veneria Pompeianorum (80 BC). After the colonial deduction Pompeii was enriched with private and public buildings, and further embellished especially in the age of the emperors Octavian Augustus and Tiberius.

In 62 AD a violent earthquake hit the entire Vesuvian area. In Pompeii the reconstruction began immediately; but, due to the extent of the damage and the seismic swarm that followed the first telluric event, it took a long time: seventeen years later, when on 24 August 79 AD. the sudden eruption of Vesuvius buried it in ashes and lapilli, Pompeii therefore appeared as a still open construction site.

The discovery of Pompeii

Its rediscovery occurred in the 16th century at the time of the construction of the Canale del Conte di Sarno, carried out under the direction of Domenico Fontana; on that occasion parts of buildings and important public inscriptions came to light, but the site was initially identified with Stabiae. Only in 1748, under the reign of Charles III of Bourbon, did extensive exploration begin to give prestige to the royal house. It proceeded discontinuously and in different points of the ancient site, which only after a few years was identified as Pompeii.

Thus part of the necropolis outside the Ercolano gate, the temple of Isis and the theater district were brought to light. The period of French occupation, at the beginning of 1800, saw an increase in excavations, which then died down with the return of the Bourbons. Work was done in the area of ??the amphitheater and the Forum and again in that of the Ercolano gate and the theaters. During the new Bourbon rule, the discovery of the House of the Faun, with the large and famous mosaic depicting the Battle of Alexander, caused a notable stir.

After the unification of Italy and the appointment of Giuseppe Fiorelli as director of the excavations (1861), there was a turning point in the working method. In fact, an attempt was made to connect the nuclei already brought to light and to proceed systematically in the archaeological exploration, keeping more detailed excavation reports and leaving the paintings in place, which were previously detached and taken to the Royal Museum of Naples, according to subjective choices of taste and value of the excavators and the royal house, often arbitrary. The method of plaster casts was also introduced, which made it possible to recover the imprint left by the bodies of the victims of the eruption, returning a dramatic image of their end caused by the toxic gases released by the volcano during the eruption. At the beginning of the last century, exploration was extended towards the eastern part of the city, in regiones V, IX, I and II, following the directions constituted by the streets - Via di Nola, Via di Stabia and Via dell'Abbondanza - in particular with Vittorio Spinazzola, and paying ever greater attention also to the traces left by the upper floors of the houses. This led to the long period (1924 - 1961) marked by the direction by Amedeo Maiuri. In his intense excavation activity especially in the eastern regiones, in addition to the discovery of buildings of great prestige (the Villa of the Mysteries and the House of Menander are worth mentioning), it is worth mentioning the completion of the delimitation of the city, the excavation of the necropolis of Porta Nocera, the methodical beginning of the exploration of the layers below the level of 79 AD, in search of the most ancient phases of Pompeii.

Starting from the second half of the twentieth century, in order to guarantee an adequate state of conservation in the already vast area of ??the city brought to light, instead of continuing with extensive exploration, especially after the damage caused by the earthquake in 1980, it was preferred to carry out systematic conservation interventions and targeted excavation campaigns with simultaneous restoration, for example in the Insula occidentalis, in the suburban baths outside Porta Marina, in the house of Julius Polybius in regio IX, in the blocks of regiones I and II facing the Via di Nocera and the Via dell’Abbondanza, and lastly in the house of the Chaste Amanti.

Entrances

Porta Marina (Villa dei Misteri Street)
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Esedra Square (Porta Marina Inferiore Square)
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Anfiteatro Square (Immacolata Square)
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Visiting hours

Opening hours from November 1st to March 31st
Opening 9.00am | Last admission 3.30pm | Closing 5.00pm

Opening hours from April 1st to October 31st
Opening 9.00am | Last admission 5.30pm | Closing 7.00pm

Closing days:
December 25th, January 1st and May 1st (unless otherwise communicated. Click here)

Buy tickets

You can buy entrance tickets on the website ticketone.it
We recommend purchasing tickets in advance to speed up access to the Archaeological Park. Those who buy in advance will receive the ticket in PDF format, to print or show on their smart phone with which to directly access the turnstiles at the entrance to the Archaeological Park.

Neither Reduced tickets (18-24 years) nor Free tickets (under 18 and other specific categories) can be purchased in advance, whose buyers must go to the Archaeological Park box office to show the title of legitimacy (depending on the case, identity card or other document proving the right to free admission)

Info and Contacts

Visitor information: pompei.info@cultura.gov.it
Info: +39 081 8575 347
Management and Administrative Offices – Via Plinio n. 26
Offices Switchboard +39 081 8575 111
80045 Pompeii (Naples)
Pec: pa-pompei@pec.cultura.gov.it

Director of the archaeological excavations of Pompeii
Gabriel Zuchtriegel

Official website: pompeiisites.org

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